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Madagascar Country Programme Evaluation (Issue #90)

18 février 2014

Numéro 90, octobre 2013

À Madagascar, après une performance très modeste des années 70 jusqu'au milieu des années 90, l'économie a enregistré une forte croissance depuis la fin des années 90 jusqu'en 2008. Mais la crise politique de 2009 a entrainé une forte réduction de l'aide internationale et une récession. La prévalence de la pauvreté dans le pays a augmenté de 70% en 1993 à 76,5% en 2010, dont 82,2% en milieu rural. Madagascar est doté d'un capital naturel important et de filières agricoles à haut potentiel (ex.: vanille, girofle, poivre, litchis), sans compter l'élevage et la pêche. Pourtant, le développement rural doit faire face à la dégradation des ressources naturelles et à l'insécurité du foncier. Durant la période de crise, le FIDA a été le seul, parmi les principaux bailleurs dans le secteur agricole, qui n'a pas interrompu sa coopération avec le pays.

Ayant démarré ses opérations à Madagascar en 1979, le FIDA y a financé quatorze projets pour un coût total de 515 millions d'USD dont 175 millions (34%) de prêts du FIDA à des conditions particulièrement favorables. La contribution de l'état malgache correspond à 18% des coûts et celle des cofinancements, à 46%.

Ce profil synthétise les principaux résultats de l'Évaluation de programme de pays conduite à Madagascar par le Bureau indépendant de l'évaluation du FIDA en 2012. Elle couvre la période 2000-2012, le programme stratégique (COSOP) de 2000 et 2006, six prêts et sept dons. Cette Évaluation a eu pour objectifs principaux d'apprécier la performance du programme et l'impact des opérations du FIDA à Madagascar et de fournir les éléments de base pour la préparation du nouveau programme stratégique qui sera agréé par le FIDA et le Gouvernement à la fin du processus d'évaluation.

Les principaux constats de l'Évaluation

Le portefeuille des projets a été pertinent et efficace dans ses composantes d'appui à la production agricole, notamment concernant l'introduction de techniques améliorées (résultats excellents dans le cas du riz, du maïs, du manioc et de la pomme de terre), et les aménagements hydroagricoles. L'appui à la sécurisation foncière à travers la certification représente un effort important, surtout dans une période de retrait des bailleurs. L'expérience encourageante dans le domaine des entreprises rurales, procède de l'idée de diversifier les sources de revenus dans les zones où la taille des exploitations est trop petite pour assurer une rentabilité. Les entreprises peuvent aussi contribuer à mettre en valeur la production agricole quand elles s'occupent de transformation, de conditionnement ou d'emballage des produits agricoles.

Les deux derniers projets dans les domaines de la professionnalisation des organisations des petits producteurs et du renforcement de la formation agricole sont bien en cohérence avec les politiques nationales. Mais des risques ont été observés: la conception de ces projets est assez compliquée, avec une articulation des composantes qui n'est pas facile à saisir. Parfois, l'architecture de ces projets repose sur des attentes de collaboration entre acteurs très différents, par exemple entre organisations paysannes, chambres d'agriculture, ONG et services techniques déconcentrés.

À l'égard de l'impact sur la pauvreté rurale, les éléments les plus remarquables sont les augmentations des revenus des ménages, le renforcement du capital social et le progrès ayant trait à la productivité agricole et à la sécurité alimentaire. Le portefeuille des projets a aussi contribué à des impacts positifs en ce qui concerne les institutions et les politiques, par exemple dans la sécurisation du foncier. Par contre, il s'est moins focalisé sur les défis de l'environnement, de la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et du changement climatique.

Les acquis du portefeuille, quoique considérables, restent exposés à des aléas politiques, institutionnels et d'ordre climatique. Certains projets ont entamé une réflexion sur la pérennisation à travers des ateliers de consultation avec les partenaires. Une nouvelle phase d'investissements sélectifs et d'accompagnement pour consolider et assurer la continuité semble nécessaire pour les projets qui vont clôturer prochainement. Pourtant, ceci n'a pas encore été prévu par le FIDA et ses partenaires.

Les activités hors-prêt (développement des partenariats, gestion des savoirs et dialogue sur les politiques publiques) ont reçu suffisamment d'attention et ont atteint de bons résultats. Le FIDA et le Gouvernement ont développé un partenariat et des relations de travail au niveau national, régional et local qui, pendant la récente crise politique, ont contribué à éviter l'effondrement du secteur agricole.
Le FIDA et ses partenaires ont mis en œuvre de très bonnes initiatives de capitalisation et de communication des expériences des projets (préparation de brochures, vidéo-documentaires, deux livres, sites internet). Le FIDA et le ministère de l'agriculture ont mis en place une plateforme informatisée de gestion des savoirs qui a permis de faire le lien entre les indicateurs du cadre logique du COSOP et ceux des projets pour faciliter le suivi-évaluation et l'analyse des données.

La conjoncture de crise depuis 2009 a déterminé une réduction des consultations officielles entre les bailleurs et la contrepartie nationale. Mais, le FIDA a fait des efforts importants afin d'articuler les expériences de terrain des projets en matière de sécurisation foncière et de développement des entreprises rurales, pour alimenter le dialogue sur les politiques nationales.

Au niveau de l'évolution stratégique (COSOP), entre 2000 et 2012, on observe une transition de projets à échelle géographique limitée et multi-composantes vers des interventions à couverture géographique élargie (plusieurs régions) et plus spécialisées du point de vue thématique. On note aussi, une attention de plus en plus marquée sur l'appui au renforcement des capacités des institutions publiques et parapubliques. Le COSOP 2006 a mis en exergue le thème important de la collaboration avec les entreprises privées dans le développement des filières agricoles (transformation, commercialisation) pour augmenter la valeur de la production.

L'efficacité de la stratégie de la coopération du Gouvernement et du FIDA a été globalement satisfaisante, surtout par rapport aux deux objectifs du COSOP:

  • améliorer la gestion des risques et réduire la vulnérabilité des ruraux pauvres;
  • améliorer les revenus des ruraux pauvres par la diversification des activités agricoles et la promotion de l'entreprenariat rural.

Les recommandations stratégiques principales

  • Appuyer la déconcentration et la décentralisation en accompagnant les structures régionales prévues par les politiques agricoles nationales et mettant plus d'accent sur le développement des partenariats avec les communes rurales pour en renforcer les capacités de maitrise d'ouvrage.
  • Appuyer la diffusion de techniques agricoles améliorées, ce qui constitue une priorité nationale au regard de la faible productivité de l'agriculture malgache, et poursuivre le développement des filières agricoles, avec plus d'accent sur des approches d'agriculture contractualisée et en impliquant les entrepreneurs privés dès la phase de la formulation des projets.
  • Mieux prendre en considération le thème de la protection de l'environnement et l'adaptation au changement climatique en (i) établissant un partenariat stratégique avec le ministère chargé de l'environnement, (ii) renforçant la coordination avec les bailleurs impliqués dans le développement et la gestion des bassins versants et (iii) reproduisant et élargissant certaines expériences innovantes (ex. développement durable de produits en bambou pour l'artisanat et la construction).
  • Placer la pérennisation des acquis au cœur du programme. Les projets ont eu typiquement un démarrage lent et une progression accélérée durant les 2-3 dernières années de mise en œuvre. Il est indispensable d'envisager une phase de consolidation après la clôture de la première phase de ces projets, financée par des investissements du FIDA et d'autres partenaires sur une base sélective.
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Guyana: Rural enterprise and agricultural development project
ESN Targeting in IFAD-supported projects
ESN Targeting - Report
Approach paper: Smallholder Access to Markets: Evaluation Synthesis
Approach paper: IFAD’s Support to Scaling Up of Results
Approach paper: IFAD’s Country-level Policy Dialogue
Approach paper: Building partnerships for enhanced development effectiveness – a review of country-level experiences and results
Approach paper - IFAD’s support to livelihoods involving aquatic resources from small-scale fisheries, small-scale aquaculture and coastal zones
Infographic: Evaluation synthesis report on IFAD's support to fisheries
Infographic: IFAD's Engagement with Indigenous Peoples - Evaluation Synthesis
ECG paper on Gender equality and development evaluation units
Evaluation synthesis brief
What Works for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: A review of practices and results in IFAD
ESRs at a glance - French
Executive summary
Executive summary
Executive summary
Executive summary
Executive summary
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Overview and FAO and IFAD Management's responses - Spanish
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Overview and FAO and IFAD Management's responses - English
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IFAD’s Support to Scaling Up of Results (Issue #125-2017)
Extract from the Agreement at Completion Point
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Community Organizations and Empowerment
The Adoption of Organic Agriculture Among Small Farmers in Latin America and the Caribbean - Spanish
Uganda Country Programme Evaluation - Agreement at completion point
Ethiopia Country Porgramme Evaluation - Agreement at Completion Point
Nigeria Country Programme Evaluation - Agreement at Completion Point
Agreement at Completion Point: Islamic Republic of The Gambia Country Programme Evaluation
Network of IFAD-supported projects in Latin America and the Caribbean (FIDAMERICA) - Phase II - spanish
Extract of Agreement at Completion Point: India Country Programme Evaluation
Republic of Chad - Ouadis of Kanem agricultural development project - interim evaluation- Full document (french)
République du Sénégal: Projet de développement agricole dans le département de Matam (PRODAM) - Rapport d’évaluation intermédiaire
West Noubaria Rural Development Project Agreement at Completion Point
Rural Livelihoods Support Programme Agreement at Completion Point
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