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Participation: from Words to Action (Issue #16 - 2004)

18 février 2014

 

N° 16 - décembre 2003

Haïti: Projet de réhabilitation de petits périmètres irrigués

Avec environ huit millions d'habitants, Haïti compte parmi les pays à plus forte densité démographique des Amériques. C'est aussi l'un des plus pauvres de la région. Encore plus de 60 pourcent de la population travaille dans l'agriculture. Pays montagneux, son potentiel irrigable est limité à environ 150 000 hectares (10 pourcent des superficies cultivées), dont 15 000 hectares se retrouvent sur de petits périmètres de 30 à 500 hectares, pour la plupart dans un état de dégradation avancé.

Sur une période de sept ans, le PPI a entrepris des travaux de réhabilitation sur ces petits systèmes, mis en place des structures locales pour la gestion et l'entretien, et amélioré les techniques de production paysannes. L'ensemble de ces interventions devait s'appuyer sur une démarche privilégiant la participation des intéressés et visant la prise en charge par les populations des services à l'amont et à l'aval de la production. L'expérience devait, en outre, alimenter le processus de définition d'une politique sectorielle appropriée en matière d'irrigation. Malgré un contexte politique difficile (renvoi du Parlement, troubles civils, non-reconnaissance des résultats des élections de 2001 par la communauté internationale), le projet a pu mettre en œuvre un nombre important d'actions.

Les enseignements et réflexions clés de l'expérience du PPI aideront à assurer le succès de la seconde phase. Ils s'articulent sur les points suivants:

  • L'intérêt et les difficultés de la mise en œuvre d'une démarche véritablement participative. Passer du slogan à la pratique est un processus lent mais qui garantit à terme la durabilité. Afin d'augmenter les chances de pérennité, il est nécessaire d'adhérer aux principes de la gestion participative et de la décentralisation.
  • L'innovation, basée sur l'analyse concrète des réalités locales, est une condition de l'efficacité et de l'efficience des interventions. La possibilité offerte au projet d'élaborer des solutions novatrices, autant sur le plan institutionnel, administratif que technique, a largement contribué à améliorer les performances du projet.
  • La rentabilité d'investissements coûteux de réhabilitation est étroitement liée à la mise en œuvre d'actions bien conçues de mise en valeur des nouvelles potentialités d'irrigation. La recherche appliquée et le crédit à la production en particulier doivent faire l'objet d'une attention soutenue.

Participation: un processus de longue durée

Le projet s'est inscrit dès le départ dans la perspective d'un plan d'ensemble de relance de la production irriguée et de renforcement des services d'appui à l'agriculture en Haïti. À moyen terme, le désengagement de l'État allait de pair avec une responsabilisation et une prise en charge croissante des organisations de producteurs dans des domaines aussi variés que l'approvisionnement en intrants, la gestion des périmètres ou le crédit. Pour définir des solutions adaptées et viables sur le long terme, un dialogue permanent doit s'établir avec les agriculteurs concernés. Il a fallu du temps pour transformer les pratiques traditionnelles de cadres plus habitués à une transmission verticale de l'information vers les planteurs qu'à de véritables échanges entre partenaires. Le projet a néanmoins contribué à mettre en place sur tous les périmètres visés des associations d'irrigants impliquées dans la définition des modalités de partage de l'eau, la collecte des redevances d'irrigation et l'entretien régulier des systèmes. La plupart de ces organisations présentent de bonnes perspectives de pérennité mais devront continuer à être accompagnées, particulièrement dans la mise en place de mécanismes transparents de circulation de l'information et de prise de décision. Les leçons tirées progressivement de l'expérience du projet ont contribué à l'élaboration d'une politique nationale d'organisation des usagers sur les périmètres irrigués et à l'ébauche de textes de loi régissant les associations d'irrigants.

L'obligation d'innover

La démarche du projet a aussi intégré une recherche constante de solutions adaptées aux difficultés rencontrées sur le plan administratif et technique. Les procédures lentes et coûteuses d'appels d'offre, par exemple, ont été considérablement allégées par l'élaboration de modalités novatrices de partage de la gestion des chantiers entre les services de l'Etat et les firmes privées. Sur le plan technique, le projet a capitalisé sur les nombreux échecs passés en matière d'aménagements hydroagricoles et a eu recours à des techniques de captage des eaux plus durables et conformes au caractère torrentiel des cours d'eau en Haïti, où les transports de sédiments sont particulièrement importants. De l'autre cote, le dispositif national de recherche agricole est faiblement structuré et dépourvu de moyens. Un programme de recherche-développement s'attacherait prioritairement au contrôle des maladies du bananier, à la production de semences artisanales de maïs et à la mise au point de techniques appropriées d'utilisation d'herbicides. Le contrôle de la Sigatoka Noire et de l'Erwinia est en effet une condition de la valorisation des investissements dans les zones de Port de Paix et Petit-Goâve, où cette culture occupe une place centrale.

La valorisation des investissements

L'évaluation a suscité de nombreuses interrogations quant à la possibilité de rentabiliser ces investissements relativement coûteux pour la réhabilitation de petits périmètres irrigués. En effet, leur rentabilité ne semble pouvoir être assurée que si un ensemble de conditions sont réunies pour une mise en valeur optimale de l'eau par les usagers. Un dispositif de recherche appliquée efficace paraît essentiel pour tester et proposer de nouvelles variétés, des techniques de travail du sol et d'arrosage performantes ou encore des méthodes de lutte appropriées contre les maladies et ravageurs des cultures. Tout cela devant se faire en tenant compte des contraintes économiques que confrontent les types d'exploitations agricoles – difficultés d'accès au crédit pour le financement de la production, coûts et disponibilités en main d'œuvre, et conditions de marché.

Données du projet  

Coût total du projet

22,3 millions de USD

Prêt du FIDA

10,6 millions de USD

Contribution du gouvernement

2,9 millions de USD

Cofinancement Fonds de l'Organisation des pays exportateurs de pétrole et Agence française de développement (8,8 millions de USD; dont 7,2 millions étaient suspendus)
Principal partenaire Gouvernement de la République d'Haïti

Dates du projet

mai 1996 à décembre 2003

 


Pour en savoir plus

République d'Haïti: Projet de réhabilitation de petits périmètres irrigués, Évaluation intermédiaire, avril 2003, Rapport N° 1391-HT. Ce Profil (en anglais et français) et le rapport sont disponibles auprès du Bureau de l'évaluation, Fonds international de développement agricole, Via Paolo Di Dono, 44, 00142 Rome, Italie.

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Executive summary
Executive summary
Overview and FAO and IFAD Management's responses - Spanish
Overview and FAO and IFAD Management's responses - French
Overview and FAO and IFAD Management's responses - English
Executive summary
Executive summary
Executive summary
Executive summary
IFAD’s Support to Scaling Up of Results (Issue #125-2017)
Extract from the Agreement at Completion Point
Agreement at Completion Point
Portoguese version
Community Organizations and Empowerment
The Adoption of Organic Agriculture Among Small Farmers in Latin America and the Caribbean - Spanish
Uganda Country Programme Evaluation - Agreement at completion point
Ethiopia Country Porgramme Evaluation - Agreement at Completion Point
Nigeria Country Programme Evaluation - Agreement at Completion Point
Agreement at Completion Point: Islamic Republic of The Gambia Country Programme Evaluation
Network of IFAD-supported projects in Latin America and the Caribbean (FIDAMERICA) - Phase II - spanish
Extract of Agreement at Completion Point: India Country Programme Evaluation
Republic of Chad - Ouadis of Kanem agricultural development project - interim evaluation- Full document (french)
République du Sénégal: Projet de développement agricole dans le département de Matam (PRODAM) - Rapport d’évaluation intermédiaire
West Noubaria Rural Development Project Agreement at Completion Point
Rural Livelihoods Support Programme Agreement at Completion Point
Agreement at completion point

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